US History Academic Standards
USH.1.3 Analyze the impact of westward expansion and immigration on migration, settlement patterns in American society, economic growth, and American Indians.
A. Summarize the reasons for immigration, shifts in settlement patterns, the immigrant experience at immigrant processing centers such as Ellis Island and Angel Island, and the impact of Nativism and Americanization.
Oklahoma History Center Education Resources
E-Exhibit
A Fluid Frontier: Minority and Ethnic Groups and Opportunity in Oklahoma
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Donald N. Brown, "Immigration"
Donald E. Green, "Settlement Patterns"
Dianna Everett, "Asians"
Richard C. Rohrs, "Germans"
Clinton Machann, "Czechs"
Larry O' Dell, "Irish"
Amy Hill Shevitz, "Jews"
Raymond Habiby, "Middle Easterners"
Michael M. Smith, "Mexicans"
Mara Sukholutskaya, "Ukranians"
David G. Loconto, "Italians"
Larry O' Dell, "English, Scottish, and Welsh"
Larry O' Dell, "Poles"
Michael M. Smith, "Hispanics"
Diana Everett, "Germans from Russia"
Anne Million, "French"
Research Center Resources
Richard M. Bernard, The Poles in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Karel D. Bicha, The Czechs in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Patrick J. Blessing, The British and Irish in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Donald N. Brown, "The Asian Experience in Oklahoma [Typescript]," Vertical File, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City.
Donald N. Brown, Crossroads Oklahoma: The Vietnamese-American Experience in Oklahoma (Stillwater: Oklahoma State University College of Arts and Sciences Extension, 1981).
Kenny L. Brown, The Italians in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Tom Caldwell, "From the Hills of Lebanon: The Syrian-Lebanese in Oklahoma," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 64 (Summer 1986).
Stanley Clark, "Immigrants in the Choctaw Coal Industry," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 33 (Winter 1955–56).
Raymond Habiby, "The Middle Easterners [Typescript]," Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City.
Douglas Hale, "European Immigrants in Oklahoma: A Survey," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 53 (Summer 1975).
Douglas Hale, The Germans from Russia in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Michael J. Hightower, "The Road to Russian Hill: A Story of Immigration and Coal Mining," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 63 (Fall 1985).
Richard C. Rohrs, The Germans in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Amy Hill Shevitz, "Past and Future: The Life of the Oklahoma Jewish Community," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 75 (Spring 1997).
Michael M. Smith, The Mexicans in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Henry J. Tobias, The Jews in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Online Primary Sources
"Goodbye to old Ireland!--Passengers on tender at Queenstown, going out to an ocean-liner," Library of Congress
"View of Ellis Island, N.Y., looking across water toward immigration station," Library of Congress
"Four immigrants and their belongings, on a dock, looking out over the water; view from behind," Library of Congress
"Immigration station, Angel Island, Cal.," Library of Congress
"The Americanese Wall—as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett would build it," Library of Congress
Isaac D. Bluxome Collection, Library of Congress
"Distribution of the foreign born population of the United States: 1890," Library of Congress
Additional Resources
"Immigration to the United States, 1789–1930," Harvard Library
"Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, ca. 1820 to 1910," Library of Congress
B. Analyze the creation of federal immigration policies including the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen's Agreement, federal court decisions, the Supreme Court's application of the 14th Amendment and the Immigration Act of 1924.
Oklahoma History Center Education Resources
E-Exhibit
A Fluid Frontier: Minority and Ethnic Groups and Opportunity in Oklahoma
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Donald N. Brown, "Immigration"
Dianna Everett, "Asians"
Research Center Resources
Donald N. Brown, "The Asian Experience in Oklahoma [Typescript]," Vertical File, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City.
Online Primary Sources
"The Chinese invasion," Library of Congress
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Library of Congress
"The Chinese invasion, J. Keppler," Library of Congress
"Letter Regarding the Immigration Act of 1924," National Archives
"Immigration Restriction Act of 1924," Digital History
Additional Resources
"California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849 to 1900," Library of Congress
"Chinese Immigration," Library of Congress
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act), Immigration History
C. Examine the rationale behind federal policies toward American Indians including the establishment of reservations, attempts at assimilation, the end of the Indian Wars at Wounded Knee, and the impact of the Dawes Act on tribal sovereignty and land ownership.
Oklahoma History Center Education Resources
Traveling Trunks
American Indian Nations of Oklahoma in the Modern Era
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Donald Fixaco, "American Indians"
Clyde Ellis, "American Indian and Education"
K. Tsianina Lomawaima, "Chilocco Indian Agriculture School"
Pamela Koenig, "Riverside Indian School"
E. Jethro Gaede, "Termination and Relocation"
Diana Everett, "Indian Territory"
Josh Clough, "Fort Sill Indian School"
Research Center Resources
American Indian Tribes in Oklahoma
Indian Archives Collection
Dawes Final Rolls, 1898–1914
Removal of tribal nations to Oklahoma
Audio/Visual
Photograph of the Dawes Commission in the Chickasaw Nation, c. 1894-1896. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1472778/
Photograph of the Dawes Commission staff at Tishomingo, Indian Territory. Photograph shows thirty-one members working from 1902-1905. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1589062/
Pawnee Indian School Classes https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc230504/
Bloomfield Indian School https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1472932/
Online Primary Sources
"The Wounded Knee Massacre," Digital Public Library of America
Lakota Accounts of the Massacre at Wounded Knee, PBS
Additional Resources
Topics in Chronicling America - Wounded Knee Massacre, Library of Congress
D. Compare viewpoints of American Indian resistance to United States Indian policies as evidenced by Red Cloud in his Cooper Union speech, Quanah Parker, and Chief Joseph as expressed in his "I Will Fight No More Forever" speech.
Oklahoma History Center Education Resources
Traveling Trunk
American Indian Nations of Oklahoma in the Modern Era
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Donald Fixaco, "American Indians"
Jethro Gaede, "Termination and Relocation"
Michael D. Pierce, "Quanah Parker"
Marvin E. Kreker, "Post Oak Mission"
Ingrid P. Westmoreland, "Nez Perce"
Research Center Resources
American Indian Tribes in Oklahoma
Indian Archives Collection
William T. Hagan, Quanah Parker: Comanche Chief (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993).
Bill Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief: The Life and Times of Quanah Parker (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995)
Audio/Visual
Photograph of Quanah Parker and To-Nicey, his wife, on horseback in front of a teepee in a Comanche camp. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1620239/
A portrait of Comanche chief Quanah Parker (c. 1845-1911) https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1619449/
Quanah Parker and two of his wives. Parker was appointed by the federal government as the chief of the Comanche people. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc228601/
Photograph of Comanche Chief Quanah Parker. Photo by R Buchanan for That Man Stone Co., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1619851/
Online Primary Sources
"Quanah Parker to Governor Campbell, 1909," Texas State Library
Red Cloud photograph, National Archives, DocsTeach
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce photograph, National Archives, DocsTeach
Chief Joseph's "Surrender" Speech
Additional Resources
"New Perspectives on the West: Red Cloud," PBS
"New Perspectives on the West: Chief Joseph," PBS
"Plains Indians Project: Red Cloud Primary Sources," Oliver Wendell Holmes Library
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