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African Americans in Oklahoma Before 1954

Bibliography

“About Us,” Avery Chapel A. M. E. Church. https://www.averyokc.com/about-us.

“About Us,” John Hope Franklin Center for Reconciliation. https://www.jhfcenter.org/reconciliation-park.

“About,” The Oklahoma Eagle. http://theoklahomaeagle.net/about/.

“Allen v. Oklahoma, 52 P.2d 1054 (Okla. 1935,” Justia. https://law.justia.com/cases/oklahoma/supreme-court/1935/30196.html.

“B. C. (Buck Colbert) Franklin,” Tulsa Historical Society and Museum. https://www.tulsahistory.org/halloffame/b-c-franklin/.

“Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,”Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/.

“Doctor’s Legacy Runs Deep,” The Oklahoman, October 20, 2003.

“Don Byas,” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Don-Byas.

“Don Byas,” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Byas.

“Ex Parte Hawkins, 52 P. 2d 1059 (Okla. 1935),” Court Listener. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4069304/ex-parte-hawkins/.

“Gravelly E. Finley Sr.," The Oklahoman, June 1, 2008. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/oklahoman/name/gravelly-finley-obituary?id=27323851.

“Haywood Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1995). https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/ef7e57fe-6ad4-48da-a0b4-b9e5d86adfce.

“History & Staff,” Rolfe Funeral Home. https://www.rolfefuneralhome.com/who-we-are/history-and-staff.

“History of Queen Bathsheba Grand Chapter,” Oklahoma Grand Chapter OES-PHA.
http://qbgcofokpha.com/history.

“Inman Page, Class of 1877,” Brown University, February 4, 2011. https://news.brown.edu/articles/2011/02/page.

“John Hope Franklin,” Tulsa Historical Society and Museum. https://www.tulsahistory.org/halloffame/john-hope-franklin/.

“Judith Carter Horton and The Excelsior Library of Guthrie, Oklahoma: Little Known Black Librarian Facts, June 17, 2011, http://littleknownblacklibrarianfacts.blogspot.com/2011/06/judith-carter-horton-and-excelsior.htm.

“Knights of Pythias,” KOPhistory.com. http://www.kophistory.com/blackPythians/index.htm.
“Mann’s Grocery,” Rhys’ Pieces, February 3, 2021. https://rhysfunk.com/2021/02/03/manns-grocery/.

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“Melvin B. Tolson,” Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/melvin-b-tolson.

“Oklahoma Grand Lodge (PHA) History,” The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge.
https://www.mwglofokpha.com/history-of-prince-hall.html.

“OSU Honors Civil Rights Pioneer Nancy Randolph Davis,” Oklahoma State University.
https://news.okstate.edu/articles/communications/2019/osu_honors_civil_rights_pioneer_nancy_randolph_davis.html.

“Our Story,” Kappa Alpha Psi. https://www.okckappas.com/.

“Pearl of the Month, October 2018: Soror Opaline Watkins,” Chi Zeta Chapter.
https://chizetachapter.weebly.com/opaline-wadkins.html.

“Race Segregation Hearings Delayed,” Oklahoma City Times, November 21, 1934.

“Ralph Ellison,” Library of Congress. http://www.read.gov/fiction/ellison.html.

“She led Black Nurses Forward,” The Oklahoman, Friday April 25, 1980.

“Simmons v. Board of Education of City of Muskogee, 306 U.S. 617 (1939),” Westlaw.

“Simon Berry,” Tulsa Planning Office. http://tulsaplanning.org/programs/supporting-programs/public-art-programs/lacyart/simon-berry/.

“The History of Prince Hall,” The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge.
https://www.mwglofokpha.com/history-of-prince-hall.html.

“The story,” Tuskegee Airmen. https://www.tuskegeeairmen.org/.

“The Victory of Greenwood: A. J. Smitherman,” The Victory of Greenwood. https://thevictoryofgreenwood.com/2020/01/15/the-victory-of-greenwood-a-j-smitherman/?v=7516fd43adaa.

“The Victory of Greenwood: Amos T. Hall,” The Victory of Greenwood. https://thevictoryofgreenwood.com/2021/08/02/the-victory-of-greenwood-amos-t-hall/.

“The Victory of Greenwood: E. L. and Jeanne Goodwin,” The Victory of Greenwood. https://thevictoryofgreenwood.com/2020/12/07/the-victory-of-greenwood-e-l-and-jeanne-goodwin/?v=7516fd43adaa.

“The Victory of Greenwood: John and Loula Williams,” The Victory of Greenwood. https://thevictoryofgreenwood.com/2020/03/15/the-victory-of-greenwood-john-and-loula-williams/.

“The Victory of Greenwood: Simon Berry,” The Victory of Greenwood. https://thevictoryofgreenwood.com/2020/08/23/the-victory-of-greenwood-simon-berry/.

Atkins, Hannah D., “Breaux, Zelia Page,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BR010.  

Atkins, Hannah D., “Franklin, John Hope,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FR003.

Atkins, Hannah D., “Hall, Amos T.,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=HA006.

Ballard, Currie, “Page, Inman Edward,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PA005.  

Bisbee, Julie, “How Oklahoma Almost Became a Black State.” The Oklahoman, February 29, 2008.

Brooks-Bertram Peggy Barbara Seals Nevergold and Lisa C Francescone. “Uncrowned Queens : African American Women Community Builders of Western New York,” Buffalo N.Y: 2002.

Brooks-Bertram, Peggy, “Houston, Drusilla Dunjee,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=HO038.

Brophy, Alfred L., “Hollins v. State of Oklahoma (1935),” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=HO013.  

Browne, Archiebald, “Oklahoma’s Historic All-Black Towns: Built on Hope, Survived by Pride,” NonDoc, July 25, 2019. https://nondoc.com/2019/07/25/oklahoma-historic-all-black-towns/.

Burke, Bob, “Christian, Charles Henry,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CH060.

Caldwell, Robin, “Grocers Helped Build Tulsa’s Black Wall Street. A Century Ago, A White Mob Razed It, Food Businesses and All,” The Counter, Many 28, 2021. https://thecounter.org/grocers-helped-build-black-wall-street-a-century-ago-white-mob-destroyed-tulsa-food-businesses/.

Dahl, Bill, “Roy Milton,” All Music. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roy-milton-mn0000351484/biography?1661451669116.

Doolittle, Sara, “Contingencies of Place and Time: The Significance of Wilson v. Marion and Oklahoma Territory in the History of School Segregation,” Cambridge University Press, July 13, 2018. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/contingencies-of-place-and-time-the-significance-of-wilson-v-marion-and-oklahoma-territory-in-the-history-of-school-segregation/A548FF86E74E281A56D497B1EF136ED8.

Dwyer, John J., “J. Coody Johnson—The Black Panther of Wewoka, (1864–1927),” Red River Institute of History, March 28, 2022. https://www.johnjdwyer.com/post/johnson.

Everett, Dianne, “Slaughter, W. H.,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=SL006.

Franklin, Jimmie Lee, Journey Toward Freedom. Norman, University of Oklahoma, 1971.

Hargrave, John R., “Johnson, J. Coody,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture,
https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=JA009.

Jenkins, G. Matthew, “Tolson, Melvin Beaunorus,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TO002.  

Johnson, Beatrice, “Vernon African Methodist Episcopal Church (1905-),” Blackpast, June 20, 2020. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/institutions-african-american-history/vernon-african-methodist-episcopal-church-1905/.

Jones, S. S., “Home Movies: Reel 17,” Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Naomi Long Madgett, https://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID=nmaahc_2011.79.7.1abc&repo=DPLA.

Lackmeyer, Steve, “City Began with Housing Segregation Patterns Persist Despite Legal Changes.” The Oklahoman, November 28, 1991. https://www.oklahoman.com/article/2376567/city-began-with-housing-segregation-patterns-persist-despite-legal-changes.

Lackmeyer, Steve, “City Began With Housing Segregation.” The Oklahoman, November 28, 1991.

Luckerson, Victor, “The Unrealized Promise of Oklahoma,” Smithsonian Magazine, April 2021. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unrealized-promise-oklahoma-180977174/.

Mullins, Jonita, “Three Forks History: Oklahoma Had Three of the Original Tuskegee Airmen,” Muskogee Phoenix, February 9, 2022. https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/three-forks-history-oklahoma-had-three-of-the-original-tuskegee-airmen/article_875cd8de-2b07-5732-bac9-4484b9d025a5.html.

O’Dell, Larry, “Boley,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BO008.

O’Dell, Larry, “Clearview,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CL009.

O’Dell, Larry, “Simmons, Jake, Jr.,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=SI004.

O’Dell, Larry, “Taft,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TA001.  

O'Dell, Larry, “Jay-Kola,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=JA015.

Oklahoma State University Oral History Collection

Pruden, William H., “George Napier Perkins” Encyclopedia of Arkansas, updated February 24, 2020. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/george-napier-perkins-4776/.

Reese, Linda, “Sarah Rector (1902–1967),” Blackpast, March 31, 2014. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/rector-sarah-1902-1967/.

Roberson, Jere, “McCabe, Edward P.,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=MC006.

Simmons, Matthew F., “Colorblind Proletarian Brotherhood: African Americans, American Indians, and Racial Inclusivity in the Oklahoma Socialist Party.” The Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 96, No. 4 (Winter 2018–2019). https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1725831/.

Smallwood, James M., “NAACP,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NA001.

Stewart, Rhonda, “Ottawa (O. W.) Gurley (1868–1935),” Encyclopedia of Arkansas, updated June 4, 2021. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/ottawa-w-gurley-15424/.

Stiefmiller, Helen M., “Horton, Judith Ann Carter,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=HO035.  

Strehl, Ashley, “History Made-Viola Watkins Stephens, Founder of Watkins Skyview Nursing Center,” Voyage Long Term Care, May 27, 2022. https://www.voyageltc.com/post/history-made-viola-watkins-stephens-founder-of-watkins-skyview-nursing-center.

Sullins, William S., and Paul Parsons, “Roscoe Dunjee: Crusading Editor of Oklahoma's Black Dispatch, 1915–1955.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 69 (1): 204–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909206900119.

Taylor, Gordon O. , “Ellison, Ralph Waldo,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=EL009.
The Black Dispatch

The Greenwood Cultural Center

The Muskogee Cimeter

The Oklahoma City Times

The Oklahoma Eagle

The Oklahoma Guide

The Oklahoman

The Tulsa Star

Thibert, Keshler, “O. W. Gurley (1868-1935),” Blackpast, September 19, 2020. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/o-w-gurley-1868-1935/.

Thomas, Elizabeth, and Swanson, Makayla, “Loula T. Williams,” in Women of Black Wall Street, 2021, Brandy Thomas Wells, Ed. https://blackwallstreetwomen.com/loula-t-williams/.

Thompson, John H. L., “Dunjee, Roscoe,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=DU007/.  

 Thompson, John Henry Lee, “The Little Caesar of Civil Rights: Roscoe Dunjee in Oklahoma City, 1915 to 1955.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Purdue University, 1990.

Thompson, Trait and Elizabeth M. B. Bass, “St. Anthony Hospital’s First Black Doctor was Generous from Oklahoma to Africa,” The Oklahoman, February 7, 2021. https://www.oklahoman.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2021/02/07/st-anthony-hospitals-first-black-doctor-was-generous-from-oklahoma-to-africa/326389007/.

Tolson, Arthur Lincoln, “The Negro in Oklahoma Territory, 1889-1907: A Study in Racial Discrimination.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1966.

W. Foley Jr., Hugh, “Fulson, Lowell,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FU001.

Welge, William D., “Moon, Frederick Douglass,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=MO011.  

White Jr., Jimmie L., “Twine, William Henry,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TW006.  

Williams, Nudie E., “Perkins, George Napier,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PE016.  

Williams, Nudie E., “Newspapers, African American,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NE013.

Wilson Starling, Anika, “Mid-Western Region,” Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority , Incorporated. https://aka1908.com/midwestern.

Wilson, Linda D., “Oklahoma Federation of Women's Clubs,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK046.  

Wilson, Linda D., “Women's Club Movement,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=WO002.

Yared, Ephrem, “Buck Colbert Franklin (1879-1960),” Blackpast, April 2, 2016. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/franklin-buck-colbert-1879-1960/.

Yarrow, Andrew, “John Hope Franklin, Scholar of African-American History is Dead at 94,” New York Times, March 25, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/us/26franklin.html.